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A few schools offer the Advanced Studies programme in their curriculum. [114] There are 830 public schools including primary, secondary and high schools. [115] There are also 34 recognised private schools with an additional 14 unrecognised private schools. The largest number of schools is in the Hhohho region. [115] Education is free at primary level, mainly first through the fourth grade and also free for orphaned and vulnerable children, but not compulsory.
The concessions included grants and leases for agriculture and grazing. In 1890, following the death of Mbandzeni, a Swaziland Convention created a Chief Court to determine disputes about controversial land and mineral rights and other concessions. [33] Swaziland was given a triumviral administration in 1890, representing the British, the Dutch republics, and the Swazi people. In 1894, a convention placed Swaziland under the South African Republic as a protectorate. This continued under the rule of Ngwane V until the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899. [citation needed] King Ngwane V died in December 1899, during incwala, after the outbreak of the Second Boer War.
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she-elephant). The former was viewed as the administrative head of state and the latter as a spiritual and national head of state, with real power counterbalancing that of the king, but during the long reign of Sobhuza II, the role of the ndlovukati became more symbolic. [64] The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of the Libandla (parliament) with help from an advisory council.
[120] The Southern African Nazarene University in Manzini was established in 2010 as a merger of the Nazarene College of Nursing, College of Theology and the Nazarene Teachers College. [121][122] Eswatini Medical Christian University, [123] focusing on medical education, was established in 2012 and is Eswatini's newest university. [124] It is in Mbabane. [125] The campus of Limkokwing University was opened at Sidvwashini in Mbabane in 2012. [126] The main centre for technical training in Eswatini is the Eswatini College of Technology[127] Other technical and vocational institutions include the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute in Matsapha, the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre in Manzini, Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Centre, and Siteki Industrial Training Centre. In addition to these institutions, the kingdom also has the Eswatini Institute of Management and Public Administration (SIMPA)[128] and Institute of Development Management (IDM).
[82] The Supreme Court, which replaced the previous Court of Appeal, consists of the chief justice and at least four other Supreme Court judges. The High Court consists of the chief justice and at least four High Court judges. [83] The chief justices have been: 1967–1970: Sir Isadore Victor Elgan 1970-1972: Sir Philip Pike[84] 1972-1973-? : Roland Hill? -1974-1983-? : Charles Nathan 1985-1991: Nicholas Robin Hannah[85] 1998–2002: Stanley Sapire 2002–2007: Jacobus Annandale (acting) 2007–2010: Richard Banda[86] 2010–2015: Michael Ramodibedi[87] 2015–present: Bheki Maphalala[88] Military[edit] The military of Eswatini (Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force) is used primarily during domestic protests, with some border and customs duties. The military has never been involved in a foreign conflict.
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Larger homesteads also have structures used as bachelors' quarters and guest accommodation. Central to the traditional homestead is the cattle byre, a circular area enclosed by large logs, interspersed with branches. The cattle byre has ritual as well as practical significance as a store of wealth and symbol of prestige. It contains sealed grain pits. Facing the cattle byre is the great hut which is occupied by the mother of the headman. The headman is central to all homestead affairs, and he is often polygamous. He leads through example and advises his wives on all social affairs of the home, as well as seeing to the well-being of the family. He also spends time socialising with the young boys, who are often his sons or close relatives, advising them on the expectations of growing up and manhood.
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The sangoma is a traditional diviner chosen by the ancestors of that particular family. The training of the sangoma is called "kwetfwasa". At the end of the training, a graduation ceremony takes place where all the local sangoma come together for feasting and dancing. The diviner is consulted for various purposes, such as determining the cause of sickness or even death. His diagnosis is based on "kubhula", a process of communication, through trance, with the natural superpowers. The inyanga (a medical and pharmaceutical specialist in western terms) possesses the bone throwing skill ("kushaya ematsambo") used to determine the cause of the sickness. The most important cultural event in Eswatini is the Incwala ceremony.
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[130] Culture[edit] King Mswati III at the reed dance festival where he will choose his next wife The principal Swazi social unit is the homestead, a traditional beehive hut thatched with dry grass. In a polygamous homestead, each wife has her own hut and yard surrounded by reed fences. There are three structures for sleeping, cooking, and storage (brewing beer).
Annual rainfall is highest on the Highveld in the west, between 1, 000 and 2, 000 mm (39. 4 and 78. 7 in). The further east, the less rain, with the Lowveld recording 500 to 900 mm (19. 7 to 35. 4 in) per annum. [citation needed] Variations in temperature are also related to the altitude of the different regions. The Highveld temperature is temperate and seldom uncomfortably hot, while the Lowveld may record temperatures around 40 °C (104 °F) in summer. [55] The average temperatures at Mbabane, according to the season: Spring September–October 18 °C (64. 4 °F) Summer November–March 20 °C (68 °F) Autumn April–May 17 °C (62.
The police force receives 5% of the budget, as do the armed forces. [96] Demographics[edit] Eswatini's population in thousands (1950–2021) The majority of Eswatini's population is ethnically Swazi, mixed with a small number of Zulu and White Africans, mostly people of British and Afrikaner descent. Traditionally Swazi have been subsistence farmers and herders, but most now mix such activities with work in the growing urban formal economy and in government. Some Swazi work in the mines in South Africa. [98] Eswatini also received Portuguese settlers and African refugees from Mozambique.
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[52] The country had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4. 21/10, ranking it 142nd globally out of 172 countries. [53] Climate[edit] Eswatini is divided into four climatic regions: the Highveld, Middleveld, Lowveld, and Lubombo plateau. Generally speaking, rain falls mostly during the summer months (December to March), often in the form of thunderstorms. [54] Winter is the dry season.
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